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on June 20, 2021 0

 

Playing Area and Equipment

A baseball field is divided into an infield and an outfield. The infield is laid out in the shape of a diamond. There are four bases, one on each corner of the diamond. The four bases are first, second, and third base, and home plate. Square canvas bags filled with soft material mark the location of the three bases. Home plate is made of a flat, five-sided piece of rubber. The bases are 90 feet apart. Most of the playing field is covered with grass. In the infield, dirt covers the pitcher's mound and the paths between the bases. Located in the middle of the infield, the pitching mound is circular in shape. The pitcher throws from a spot on the mound known as the ―rubber.‖ In professional baseball the rubber is 60 feet 6 inches from home plate. Baseballs have a cork and rubber core that is wrapped with yarn. They are covered with two strips of white leather or synthetic hide that are sewn together. Each ball is about 9 inches in circumference and weighs about 5 ounces. The bat is a smooth, rounded stick of wood or aluminum. It is no more than 42 inches long and 2 3 /4 inches thick at the largest end.


Players in the field wear leather gloves designed to help catch the ball. While these gloves look something like an enlarged hand, the catcher's mitt, or glove, is rounder in shape. The catcher's mitt is heavily padded in order to protect the catcher's hand. Catchers wear more equipment than the other players. The equipment protects the catcher from being hurt by the pitched ball. In order to protect the face but still be able to see, the catcher wears a barred mask. Catchers also wear a padded chest protector. Lightweight shin guards are worn to protect their legs.


NOTEABLE POINTS:

Invented by: Abner Doubleday in 1839. 

Ball Size: 9 inches in circumference 

Ball weight: 142 grams. 

Bat Size: 42 inches long and 2 3 /4 inches thick at the largest end. 

Olympic: 1992.

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on June 20, 2021 0
BASEBALL Sports


Game played with a bat, a ball, and gloves between two teams of nine players each on a field with four white bases laid out in a diamond (a square oriented so that its diagonal line is vertical). Teams alternate positions as batters (offense) and fielders (defense), exchanging places when three members of the batting team are ―put out.‖ As batters, players try to hit the ball out of the reach of the fielding team and make a complete circuit around the bases for a ―run.‖ The team that scores the most runs in nine innings (times at bat) wins the game.


History:

The term baseball was first recorded in A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, published in 1744. The book also contained a picture of the game. Early games similar to baseball were known by several names—town ball, rounders, or one old cat. Abner Doubleday is said to have developed the basic rules of baseball at Cooperstown, New York, in 1839. A few years later Alexander Cartwright helped found the Knickerbockers Base Ball Club, an organization of amateur players. The rules Cartwright developed form the basis of the rules in use now. Among his ideas were the nine-member team and the ―diamond‖ infield with bases 90 feet apart. He also decided that a player had to be tagged, not hit, with the ball to be called out. By 1858 the National Association of Base Ball Players was formed with 25 amateur teams.

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on June 19, 2021 0

 

Playing Area and Equipment

The standard American basketball court is in the shape of a rectangle 50 feet (15.2 meters) by 94 feet (28.7 meters) high school courts may be slightly smaller. There are various markings on the court, including a centre circle, free throw lines, and a three-point line, that help regulate play. A goal or basket 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter is suspended from a backboard at each end of the court. The metal rim of the basket is 10 feet (3.0 meters) above the floor. In the professional game the backboard is a rectangle, 6 feet (1.8 meters) wide and 3.5 feet (1.1 meters) high, made of a transparent material, usually glass; it may be 4 feet (1.2 meters) high in college. The international court varies somewhat in size and markings. The spherical inflated ball measures 29.5 to 30 inches (74.9 to 76 cm) in circumference and weights 20 to 22 ounces (567 to 624 grams). Its covering is leather or composition.


Rules

James A. Naismith, a physical education instructor, framed the basic rules of the game. The game had to be played with a light ball that could only be touched with the hands. The player would not be allowed to run with the ball. Moreover, there would be no personal contact. Professional and high school games are divided into four periods. Professional teams play four 12-minute periods with a 20-minute rest between the second and third periods. High school teams play four eight-minute periods, with a ten-minute intermission at halftime. College teams play two 20-minute halves with a 15-minute rest between them. The five players on a basketball team are a center, two forwards, and two guards. The officials for the game are a referee and an umpire, along with two timekeepers and two scorers. The visiting team has the choice of baskets at the start of the game. Play begins when the referee tosses up the ball between two opposing players, who stand inside the center circle. Other players stand outside the six-foot outer circle until the ball is tapped. The player with possession of the ball must pass or bounce the ball to a position from where he or a teammate try to put it in the basket. Any player may shoot at the basket. Points ranging from one to three are awarded for successful throws.


NOTE-ABLE POINTS:

Invented by: James A. Naismith in early 1890s. 

Highest governing body: The Federation International de Basketball Amateur (FIBA). 

Team members: 13 to 15 (5 at a time). 

Court Size: 50 feet (15.2 meters) by 94 feet (28.7 meters). 

Ball Size in Circumference: 29.5 to 30 inches (74.9 to 76 cm). 

Ball weight: (567 to 624 grams). 

Goal or basket Size: 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter. 

Height of basket from floor: 10 feet (3 meters) above the floor. 

Backboard Size: 6 feet wide and 3.5 feet high. 

Olympic: 1936.

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on June 19, 2021 0

 

Basket Ball

            Basketball is played between two teams of five players each on a rectangular court. The object is to get the ball through a hoop mounted high up on a backboard at each end. It is of the most popular sports in the US and worldwide.


History

            James A. Naismith invented the game in the early 1890s. The game caught on quickly in the United States. At first it was played with nine players on a team and a peach basket for the goal. In 1896 the first college basketball game with five team members on a side was played at the University of Iowa. During the 1930s several rules were changed to speed up the game. Canada was the first country outside the United States to play the game. Basketball was introduced in France in 1893, in London in 1894, in Australia, China, and India soon thereafter, and in Japan in 1900. The metal hoop was not invented until 1906. The popularity of basketball grew steadily between the 1940s and 1970s. Television played an important role in this. Such great players as Earvin (―Magic‖) Johnson, Julius Erving (―Dr. J‖), Larry Bird, and Michael Jordan also contributed to the popularity of basketball. It soon became a sport that was played all over the world.

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on June 18, 2021 0

 

Racing Cars


    Auto racing / Automobile racing / Motorsport /Auto sport is a Professional and amateur sport practiced throughout the world in a variety of forms on roads, tracks, or closed circuits. It is one of the world‘s most popular spectator sports.


History

            Automobile racing began soon after the invention of the gasoline (Petrol) fueled internalcombustion engine in the 1880s. The first organized automobile competition, a reliability test in 1894 from Paris to Rouen, a distance of about 80 km (50 mi), was won with an average speed of 16.4 km/h (10.2 mi/h). In 1895 the first true race was held, from Paris to Bordeaux, in 1904 a world governing body of automobile racing was founded. It has had its present name, International Automobile Federation, since 1947. In early racing, in both Europe and the United States, competing race cars were usually prototypes of the following year's models. After World War I, racing became too specialized for the use of production cars, though occasionally high performance touring cars were stripped of their bodies and fitted with special seats, fuel tanks,and tires for racing. Still later stock-car racing in 1939 started with standard models modified for racing. 


TYPES

               It includes Grand Prix racing, speedway racing, stock-car racing, sports-car racing, drag racing, midget-car racing, and karting, as well as hill climbs and trials. National and international governing bodies, the most notable of which is the Federation International de Automobile (FIA), divide racing cars into various classes and subclasses and supervise competitions.

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on June 18, 2021 0

 

BADMINTON Sports History

At first glance, badminton might seem like an easy game. Two or four players use small, light rackets to hit a feathered cork across a net on a court that resembles a tennis court. But the cork, called a shuttlecock, or bird, can travel as fast as 110 miles (177 kilometres) per hour. Then it quickly slows down and dips toward the ground. The darting flight of the shuttlecock requires players to maintain great concentration and make split-second decisions when making shots. Badminton is played in more than 70 countries and is especially popular in Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia.


Equipment:

An official badminton court measures 17 by 44 feet (5.18 by 13.40 meters) for singles matches. The width increases to 20 feet (6.10 meters) for doubles. The net is 5 feet 1 inch (155 centimetres) high. The shuttlecock is about 2 1 /4 to 2 3 /4 inches (60 to 70 millimetres) long and weights about an ounce (28 grams). In official matches the players use a shuttlecock made of a half sphere of cork with a flaring circular tail of feathers. The rackets are made of wood, stainless steel, or a combination of the two. They weight from 4 1/2 to 5 1/2 ounces (126 to 154 grams) and are 26 to 27 inches (66 to 68 centimetres) long. The head of a badminton racket measures 7 inches (18 centimetres) wide and may be strung with nylon or catgut. The long, thin handles of good rackets end in a leather grip.

 

History:

 Badminton came from a child's game called battledore and shuttlecock, in which two players hit a feathered shuttlecock back and forth with tiny rackets. Some form of the sport was played long ago in ancient Greece and Egypt. The game was called Poona in India during the 19th century, and British Army officers stationed there took the Indian version back to England in the 1860s. The game is named for Badminton, the country estate of the dukes of Beaufort in Gloucestershire, England, where it was first played about 1873. The modern rules were set forth in their basic form by the Bath Badminton Club, organized in 1887.


NOTEABLE POINTS:

 Highest governing body: Badminton World Federation BWF, organized in 1934. 

First Played: 17th Century 

Team members: Single or doubles. 

Court Size: 17 by 44 feet (5.18 by 13.40 meters) / width increases to 20 feet for doubles. 

Net Size: 5 feet 1 inch (155 cm) high. 

Shuttlecock Size and Weight: 2 1 /4 to 2 3 /4 Inc (60 to 70 millimetres) long weights (28 g). 

Rackets Size: 26 to 27 Inc (66 to 68 cm) long. 

The head of a badminton racket measures 7 Inc (18 cm) wide. 

Rackets Weight: (126 to 154 grams). 

Olympic: 1992

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